ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics of 45 year-old or older human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons and patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Chengdu. Methods Epidemiological methods were used to analyze the data of 45 year-old or older patients with HIV/AIDS reported in Chengdu from 2018 to 2020. Results From 2018 to 2020, there were 219 newly reported cases aged 45 and above (35.67%) with HIV/AIDS in Chengdu, and the differences among them were statistically significant (χ2=6.45, P2=0.29, 0.22, 5.65, 1.92, 5.68, 1.12, 2.12, 0.39, P>0.05). 75.34% of the patients were infected through heterosexual transmission, and 50.68% were detected at treatment. The proportion of patients whose first CD4 cell test result was lower than 200/μL was relatively higher (43.84%). Nearly 81.28% of the patients received antiviral therapy, and the mortality reached 16.89%. From 2018 to 2020, the difference in transmission route, sample source, the first examination results of CD4 cells, antiviral treatment, or prognosis was not statistically significant (χ2=1.29, 3.59, 1.56, 0.01, 0.35, P>0.05). Fever (62.10%), fatigue (42.01%), and lymph node enlargement (28.77%) were main symptoms of the patients. 51.14% were detected in outpatient examinations, and most patients were accompanied by at least one opportunistic infection. Cytomegalovirus infection (56.16%) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (36.53%) were main virus infection types. From 2018 to 2020, there was no significant difference in symptoms, visiting departments or combined infection (χ2=0.07-3.00, 3.00, 0.20-2.61, P>0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is relatively severe in 45 year-old or older people in Chengdu. The constituent ratio and the incidence rate show an upward trend. Therefore, individualized prevention and control strategies should be formulated for 45 year-old or older people to effectively suppress the transmission of HIV/AIDS in the middle-aged and the elderly.
ABSTRACT
The MAPK signaling pathway can mediate a variety of cytokines to participate in the processes of inflammation, cancer, immune disorder, and neurodegenerative diseases, and it also plays an important role in the development and progression of hepatic echinococcosis. This article reviews the structure and regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway and elaborates on the role of the MAPK signaling pathway in hepatic echinococcosis. It is pointed out that the MAPK signaling pathway can activate both the cyst and the host in hepatic echinococcosis, participate in the development and progression of the disease, and exert an impact on its treatment. Drug therapy targeting the MAPK signaling pathway is expected to become a new strategy for the treatment of hepatic echinococcosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore a simplified method of coagulation test for the individuals with erythrocytosis. Methods The antico-agulants, blood volume and fixed blood collecting volume were adjusted by the formula: anticoagulants (mL)＝(100－HCT×100)× blood (mL)×0.001 85. A total of 124 blood samples for coagulation testing in which the calcium ( Ca2+) interval was designated and hematocrit (HCT) was more than 55% were tested with calibrated anticoagulants, adjusted blood volume and fixed blood collection vol-ume [anticoagulant(mL)/0.055 5]. The results of plasma prothrombin time (PT), international standardization ratio (INR) and acti-vated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) before and after adjustment were compared. The results of the samples from 3 groups after adjustment were also compared. The relationship of HCT with unadjusted PT and APTT were simultaneously observed. Results The unadjusted results of PT, INR and APTT were significantly higher than those after anticoagulants adjustment (27.52±16.37 vs 12.49± 1.35, 2.31±1.47 vs 0.99±0.11 and 50.09±13.32 vs 33.37±5.05) with statistically significant difference in paired comparison (P＜0.05). No statistical difference was found in the comparison of the results for PT, INR and APTT after adjustment within the 3 groups ( PT: 12.49±1.35 vs 12.84±1.54 vs 12.82±1.76, INR:0.99±0.11 vs 1.02±0.13 vs 1.02±0.15, APTT: 33.37±5.05 vs 33.49±5.09 vs 32.83±5.06) (P＞0.05). HCT values of the patients were positively correlated with unadjusted PT (r＝0.461, P＜0.05) and APTT (r＝0.571, P＜0.05). Conclusion The coagulation test of the individuals with erythrocytosis may use to adjust the blood volume and the fixed blood collection volume provided calcium concentration in reference interval.